Suction box and baffle for fourdrinier type of papermaking machine

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for making nonwoven fabrics wherein water and fiber stock is delivered to a Fourdrinier wire moving endlessly through a stock tank, the fibers being deposited on the wire in a forming zone and the water passing through said wire into a suction box comprising a plurality of adjacent and individually controlled compartments, each of said compartments having a bottom sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of said wire and each of said compartments having a flow restricting device such as a baffle mounted therein, wherefore a substantially uniform pressure differential through the moving wire across its width is obtained so as to result in an even deposit of fibers thereon.

Oct. 9, 1973 115, BARTLEY ETAL 3,764,455

SUCTION BOX AND BAF'FLE FOR FOURDRINIER TYPE OF PAPERMAKING MACHINE Filed July 21, 1971 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 l i l I I l 1 I mmwmE WDIE mmbfis I l l l 1 i i 1 I! 8 A zoo? v 1 l I l l l I. I:

XOQ C(MI Oct. 9, 1973 BARTLEY ET AL 3,764,465

SUCTION BOX AND BAFFLE FOR FOURDRINIER TYPE OF PAPERMAKING MACHINE Filed July 21, 1971 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIGB.

Oct. 9, 1973 T. s. BARTLEY ET AL SUCTION BOX AND BAFFLE FOR FOURDRINIER TYPE OF PAPERMAKING MACHINE 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed July 21 1971 United States Patent 3,764,465 SUCTION BOX AND RAFFLE FOR FOURDRINER TYPE 0F PAPERMAKING MACHINE Thomas S. Bartley, Mobile, Ala, and John Gilbert Descary, Lachine, Quebec, R. James Futcher, Beaconsfield, Quebec, and R. Gopala Krishnan, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, assignors to International Paper Company,

New York, N.Y'.

Filed July 21, 1971, Ser. No. 164,499

Int. Cl. D21f 1/52 U.S. Cl. 162--351 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method and apparatus for making nonwoven fabrics wherein water and fiber stock is delivered to a Fourdrinier wire moving endlessly through a stock tank, the fibers being deposited on the wire in a forming zone and the water passing through said wire into a suction box comprising a plurality of adjacent and individually controlled compartments, each of said compartments having a bottom sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of said wire and each of said compartments having a flow restricting device such as a baffle mounted therein, wherefore a substantially uniform pressure diiferential through the moving wire across its width is obtained so as to result in an even deposit of fibers thereon.

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for making nonwoven fabrics from fibrous material, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for controlling the flow of liquid in a suction chamber operating beneath the forming wire on the wet end of a papermaking machine of the Fourdrinier type.

Nonwoven fabrics may be made by a wet process wherein fibers from a water plus fiber stock are deposited on a Fourdrinier wire driven endlessly through a stock tank along an inclined path on a papermaking, or papermaking type of, machine. The endless wire enters at the bottom of the tank and is discharged from the top of the tank. As the wire travels upwardly along the inclined path through the tank, the fibers are deposited on the top of the wire, which we refer to as the papermaking interface, and the liquid drawn through the wire is discharged through a suction chamber located beneath the wire. The area in which the fibers are deposited on the wire is referred to as the forming zone. In machines of this type it is desirable to have an even deposit of fibers across the width of the Wire as it travels along its inclined path through the forming zone. This will aid in achieving a uniform basis weight in the nonwoven fabric produced, i.e., a fabric wherein every sheet of the same size will have the same weight.

It is known to provide a suction box beneath an in- A clined, endlessly moving Fourdrinier wire in which the suction box is open toward the bottom of said wire and is comprised of a plurality of individually controlled compartments in side-by-side relationship, thus forming a continuous train of suction chambers over which the endless wire passes. Such a structure is shown in Ploetz et al. Pat. No. 3,190,790. However, we are aware of no device in which the pressure drop across the papermaking interface and thus the rate of flow of liquid through the Fourdrinier wire in the forming zone can be controlled to assure a relatively uniform deposit of fibers across the width of the wire as it passes over each of the several compartments of the suction box in the forming zone.

It is the object of the present invention to provide a suction box in association with a papermaking machine of the Fourdrinier type in which the fiow of liquid through the moving Fourdrinier wire as it passes through the form ing zone may be controlled to provide a substantially uniice form flow of liquid therethrough, thus producing an even deposit of fibers across the width of the moving wire.

Another object of the invention is to achieve a substantially uniform pressure differential or pressure drop through a moving Fourdrinier wire in a direction across the width of the wire as the wire passes through the forming zone of a papermaking machine.

Another object of the invention is to achieve a substantially uniform pressure below the moving wire at points across the width of the wire and in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the wire in order to obtain a uniform flow of liquid through the wire.

Another object of the invention is to provide a suction box comprising a series of separate compartments in sideby-side relationship, each of the compartments having separate and individually controllable means to regulate the rate of flow of liquid passing therethrough and to provide a substantially uniform rate of flow within each compartment across the width of a moving Fourdrinier wire at the papermaking interface as the wire passes through the forming zone.

We have found that these and other objectives may be accomplished by providing a suction box having a plurality of identically shaped and individually controlled compartments each of which has a bottom sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of a Fourdrinier wire and within each of which is mounted a flow restricting device such as a baffle as hereinafter described.

The invention will be more fully understood from the following description and patent drawings in which FIG. 1 is a fragmentary elevational view, partly in section, schematically representing a papermaking machine embodying the apparatus of the instant invention.

FIG. 2 is a detailed view, partly in section, taken through one of the compartments of the sloping bottom suction box, and including one of the baffles of our preferred form. The view is taken in the direction of the arrows substantially along the line 22 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of one of the bafiles taken in the direction of the arrows substantially along the line 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the small end of the suction box, taken in the same direction as FIG. 2, and showing the relationship between the tip of one of the bafiles and the small end of one of the compartments of the suction box.

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary detailed view, partly in section, taken in the direction of the arrows substantially along the line 55 of FIG. 2, and showing several of the individual compartments of the suction box.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged side elevational view of that portion ofthe tip of the baffle shown within circle A of FIG. 3.

Referring to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the apparatus of the invention includes a head box or stock tank generally designated 2 containing stock 4 consisting of water plus fibers in suspension, supplied to the head box through stock inlet 6 located at one end portion of the head box.

End 8 of the head box has a discharge opening inclined upwardly in the direction of stock discharge between bottom wall portion 10 and upper wall portion 12. The upper and lower wall portions, together 'with side walls 14 (only one of which is shown) of the head box form a discharge channel through which the stock flows, generally in the direction of arrows 16 toward the inclined opening in the head box. The precise shape of the head box is not directly relevant to the present invention and need not be further described.

An upwardly inclined portion of an endless Fourdrinier wire 18 which is driven in conventional manner around breast roll 20 and rolls 22, 24, 26 in the direction 3 of the arrows 28, 30, 32 passes adjacent and beneath the upwardly inclined discharge opening of the head box.

Between breast roll 20 and roll 22 there is a suction box generally designated 34 comprising a plurality of individual compartments 36a through 36 joined together in side-by-side relation at the side Walls 38 thereof as by Welding (see FIG. Each of the several compartments 36a-j is provided at one end with a separate discharge pipe 40 connected through a separate control valve (not shown) to a separate barometric drop leg (not shown) for removal of liquid from each of the compartments 36aj. Convenventional flow meters are also connected to each of the individual compartments 36a-j of the suction box 34 to measure the rate at which liquid is discharge therefrom. One or more of the uppermost compartments of the suction box, for example, those designated 36hj, may also be individually connected to separate vacuum pump means for removal of air therefrom should it be desirable to op erate the upper compartments of the suction box other than when completely filled with liquid.

Suction box 34 encloses that portion of the wire 18 which passes beneath the inclined opening in head box 2 (the forming zone) and has a length essentially the same as the enclosed length of the inclined portion of the wire 18 as it passes beneath the inclined opening of the head box. The width of suction box 34 is essentially the same as the width of wire 18. Suction box 34 is open toward the bottom of wire 18 and is provided with a slotted cover generally designated 42 having deflector foils 44 mounted therein (-FIGS. 2 and 5). Deflector foils 44, the tips of which 46 may be made of a replaceable plastic material, such as polyethylene, extend transversely across the width of wire 18 and provide slidable support for the moving wire as it passes in its inclined path from roll 20 to roll 22 through the forming zone.

It should be understood that appropriate means are provided to tension the wire and effect seals between the wire and the head and suction boxes as the wire passes through the forming zone. These tensioning and sealing devices are not directly relevant to the present invention, have been omitted from the drawings, and do not require further description.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown one of a plurality of compartments 36a-j of suction box 34. Each of the compartments has a small end 48, a discharge end 50 for connection through conventional means (not shown) to a discharge pipe 40 (see FIG. 1), a bottom portion 52 sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the Fourdrinier wire 18, and parallel transverse side walls 38 (see FIG. 5). The small end of one of the compartments, shown in enlarged section in FIG. 4, may be closed as by a removable cap 54 for ready access to the interior of the compartment for cleaning. Each compartment in its upper portion is provided with a plurality of cross ribs 56 extending between the side walls 38, and end members 58 and 60 to support slotted cover 42 with its deflector foils 44.

Within each of the compartments 36aj of suction box 34 is shown one embodiment of a baflie that may be utilized in our invention. The bafiie is generally designated 62 and is of T-shaped cross section. The battle has a fiat top portion 64 with parallel sides 66 and a perpendicularly depending flat sided web portion 68 located intermediate the longitudinal edges of the top portion. The top portion has an arcuately shaped tip 70, the edges of which may be beveled slightly, as is clearly shown in FIG. 6. Web section 68 is essentially triangular in shape, conforming generally to the cross sectional shape of each compartment 36a-j of the suction box as shown in FIG. 2. Bafiie 62 is rigidly supported at the discharge end 50 of compartment 36 as by a pin 72 mounted in bracket 74. The small end of baflie 62 is provided with foot or pad 76 which is in supporting engagement with the sloping floor 52 of compartment 36 ne r i S l end The foot or pad 76 is secured against side-to-side movement within the compartment by engagement with suitable short strips 78 welded to the sloping fioor of the compartment. Suitable guide members 80 may be attached to the top portion 64 of the bafiie for alignment purposes.

In the embodiment shown, baffle 62 is positioned within compartment 36 so that the parallel sides 66 of top portion 64 are equally spaced from but parallel to the transverse side walls 38 of compartment 36; the bottom edge of Web 68 is above but spaced from the floor S2 of compartment 36 except for that portion of foot 76 thereof that is in supporting engagement with the floor. The tip 70 of the b-aflle extends substantially but not completely into the full depth of compartment 36. As most clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, in the illustrated form of our invention the arcuate tip 70 of the bafiie 62 approaches but does not contact the end wall at the small end 48 of compartment 36; the baffle extends substantially completely across the width of the inclined discharge opening of the head box except for an opening at one side thereof. The upper surface of the top plate '64 of the baflle 62 is spaced from but parallel to the open top of compartment 36. Baffie 62 is thus positioned within compartment 36 in a manner such that liquid passing from the head box through the moving wire 18, through the slotted cover 42, and into compartment 36 may flow freely around the tip and edges of the bafile.

Referring particularly to FIG. 5, suction box 34 is shown in operating position beneath the Fourdrinier wire 18 which moves over the open end of the suction box in the direction of arrows 28. It will be observed that the top portion 64 of each of the T -shaped baffies '62 is parallel to the plane defined by the upwardly inclined direction of travel of the moving Fourdrinier wire 18 as it passes through the forming zone.

In operation the level of the stock 4 in head box 2 may be maintained either above or below the level of the up permost compartments 36 of suction box 34. This is not critical provided each of the uppermost compartments below which the stock level may be permitted to drop is provided with vacuum producing means to remove air drawn into the system due to the low level of stock in head box 2. Thus, if it is contemplated that in operation the level of stock 4 in head box 2 will fall below the open end of compartments 36h-j, but not below 36g, each of the uppermost compartments 36h-j may be provided with conventional vacuum producing means (not shown) to remove air drawn into the system through the moving wire 18.

For purposes of describing the invention it will be assumed that the level of stock in the head box 2 is maintained higher than the opening of the uppermost compartment 36 of the suction box 34. Under this condition, each compartment of the suction box will be completely filled with water, the Water having passed through the upwardly inclined discharge opening of the head box 2 and through the moving wire 18, the fibers of the waterfiber stock being deposited on the wire as it moves in its inclined path through the forming zone. Water may be caused to flow through the moving wire and fibers being deposited thereon by removing water through the discharge pipes 40. The rate at which water passes through the papermaking interface and is evacuated from each of the compartments 36a is regulated by means of the individual control valve associated with each compartment. It will be understood that movement of the Water out of the discharge opening of the head box and through the wire in the forming zone will cause the stock in head box 2- to flow generally in the direction of the arrows 16 (FIG. 1) with the fibers of the stock being deposited on the top of the moving wire 18. The suction box disposed beneath the Fourdrinier wire in the portion of the travel thereof that passes beneath and adjacent the discharge opening of the head box draws off water from the wire.

Because the thickness of the web or mat of deposited fibers will increase upwardly along the inclined path of the moving wire 18, the pressure differential required to pass Water through the wire and the mat of deposited fibers will be greater for that area of the wire in the forming zone served by compartment 36 of the suction box than that area of the wire served by compartment 36a. Stated in another manner, the pressure differential required to cause water to pass through the wire from the head box side to the suction box side of the papermaking interface will be less in the lower portion of the wire than in the upper portion of the wire as it moves in its inclined path through the forming zone. However, the pressure differential or pressure drop across or through the papermaking interface should be substantially uniform arross the width of the wire within the area served by each of the several compartments 36a-i. Thus, again referring to FIG. 2, in order to achieve a uniform deposit of fibers across the width of the moving Fourdrinier wire the differential in static pressure in the stock immediately above wire 18 and in the water immediately above the top plate 64 of bafile 62 should be substantially the same across the width of wire 18, i.e., from that portion of the wire that passes over the small end 48 of the compartment 52 to that portion that passes over the discharge end 50 of the compartment.

Because the rate of flow or velocity of water passing through the wire depends upon the difference in static pressure in the head box and in each compartment of the suction box, a uniform pressure differential in a direction across the width of the wire will result in a relatively uniform flow of the liquid passing through the wire in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the wire. An even deposit of fibers across the width of the moving wire will result when the flow rate of liquid through the Wire is uniform across the width of the wire.

Referring once again to FIG. 2, movement of the liquid from the head box will be vertically downward through wire 18 into each of the compartments 3=6aj and out of the compartment in the direction of the arrow 82 through discharge end 50 of the compartment.

In order to enhance the immediate discharge of the large quantity of liquid that passes through each compartment of the suction box, each compartment is provided with a bottom wall portion 52 that slopes in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the Fourdrinier wire 18, as previously described.

However, it is believed that use of the sloping bottom results in two separate phenomena within each compartment of the suction box. First, there is a restriction to the liquid flow toward the small end 48 of the compartment resulting in a high back pressure in that area of the compartment. This high back pressure tends to reduce the velocity of the liquid through the system at the small end of the compartment. Second, the large volume of liquid passing through each compartment produces a high velocity flow near the sloping bottom of the compartment, particularly towards the discharge end 50. This produces a lower static pressure towards the discharge end of the compartment. This in turn causes a greater quantity of liquid to be sucked or pulled through the screen near the discharge end of the compartment, resulting in an uneven deposit of fibers across the width of moving wire 18.

We have found that creating a pressure drop within each compartment 36a-j in a zone beneath but approaching the papermaking interface of the forming zone, tends to isolate the papermaking interface from these two phenomena and even out the velocity of flow through the system. One such way of producing the pressure drop is by placing a flow restricting device such as a baflle within each compartment 36a-j of the suction box 34. Other flow restricting devices positioned in a zone beneath the Fourdrinier wire and extending substantially completely across the width of the discharge opening of the head box may be used. In the embodiment of our invention shown in 6 the drawings we have used a baffle as previously described.

The effect of using a flow restricting device such as a baffle 62 in each compartment 36a-j of the suction box 34 may be shown by taking static pressure readings within the headbox at points above the Fourdrinier wire and also in the suction compartment at several points across the width of the forming zone, i.e.,- between the small end 48 and the discharge end 50 of the compartment, just beneath the papermaking interface and at locations between each of the supporting ribs 56. These readings, taken in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the Fourdrinier wire as it moves in its upwardly inclined direction, enable one to determine the pressure drop through the wire at points across the width of the wire.

Readings were taken both without and with a baffle mounted within the compartment. Without the bafile in place, and at a flow rate of'between about 2000 and 2500 gallons per minute through the compartment, the pressure variation across the width of the forming zone was in the order of 6" to 7 of water. A variation of this degree is unacceptable as it results in an uneven deposit of fibers across the width of the Fourdrinier wire 18 as it passes through the forming zone. Bafile 62 was thereafter installed within the compartment and static pressure readings were again taken. At a flow rate of 2275 gallons of Water per minute through the compartment, the pressure variation was less than A of Water, and at reduced flow rates of 1820 and 1370 gallons per minute, the variation was and of water, respectively. This amount of pressure variation is acceptable in producing a substantially uniform deposit of fibers across the width of the Fourdrinier wire as it passes through the forming zone.

While the precise configuration, dimensions and placement of the baflle within each compartment of the suction box may vary and still effectively isolate the papermaking interface from the previously described effects of a sloping bottom, our preferred and illustrated form of bafile is T-shaped in cross section with the sides of the upper portion or cross member of the T being parallel to each other. The tip of the bafile in its preferred embodiment should be arcuate in form. We have found that a semicircular tip enables us to achieve a minimum pressure variation within the compartment, particularly near the small end thereof.

The dimensions of the bafile will, of course, vary with the dimensions of head box, suction box compartments, etc. However, in order fully to describe one preferred form of baffle, the following dimensions are given. These dimensions may be taken as typical but are not to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. For an exposed Fourdrinier wire opening of 72" measured in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the wire 18, the overall length of the flat top portion of the baffle is 62 /2". In our preferred form, the top flat portion of the bafile is flush with one side of the wire opening but does not extend completely across the full width of the wire opening. The top portion of the battle is A" thick and of metal, although other materials such as plastic or Wood may be utilized. The bafile is 5 wide and the width of the gap between the parallel sides of the baffle and each of the side walls of the compartment is approximately /2". We have found that as the width of this gap is increased, the pressure variation across the Width of the wire tends to increase and control of the flow is reduced. A reduction in the gap width results in better control of the flow (i.e., a reduced pressure variation across the width of the wire), but lowers flow through the system. The supporting rib 68 of the baffle has previously been described as triangular in shape. The bottom edge thereof should conform, generally, to the sloping bottom wall of the compartment 36.

In its preferred embodiment, the flat top portion of the baffle is maintained parallel to the papermaking interface and is positioned in close proximity (within about /2") to the cross ribs 56 which support the slotted cover 42. The top portion of the baflle is approximately 4" from the Fourdrinier wire as it passes through the forming zone.

It will be understood that the form and structure of the suction box compartment and baifie may be varied from the preferred embodiment just described. For example, the bottom portion 52 of each compartment 36 may slope continuously and uninterruptedly from its small end 48 to its discharge end 50 rather than having a sloping portion intermediate two portions parallel to the papermaking interface as shown in FIG. 2. In addition the tip 70 of the bafile may have a nonrounded end, such, for example, as a square end, and may be made to extend into the small end of the compartment 36 so that the baflie tip will abut the end member 58 of the compartment. The bafile may also be constructed so that its width is adjustable, and thus the width of the gap between sides 66 of top portion 64 and the transverse side walls 38 of compartment 36 may be changed.

.The baffie may also be constructed and positioned within the compartment so that the ends 70, 71 of the baffle may be adjustably spaced from the end members 58 and 60 of compartment 36, thus enabling the operator to produce a web or mat with heavy or light edges, as desired.

Further variations in the form of the flow restricting device may be helpful under certain circumstances. For example, the baffie may be constructed with one or more open slots extending substantially the full length of the top portion of the baffle and with the longitudinal edges 66 of the bafile abutting rather than being spaced from the side Walls 38 of compartment 36. In this form of construction the flow of liquid would be essentially through the baflle rather than around it. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various means for mounting the baffle within the compartment may be employed.

It will be understood that modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the-present invention.

Having fully described our invention, what we claim is:

1. A Fourdrinier-type machine for producing nonwoven fabrics and the like by depositing fiber from a water-fiber stock onto a Fourdrinier wire, said machine comprising (a) a head box with a discharge opening inclined upwardly in the direction of stock discharge,

(b) a Fourdrinier wire having a portion of its travel arranged in an upwardly inclined direction so as to pass adjacent and beneath said discharge opening whereby stock discharged from said opening is deposited on the top of said wire,

() a suction box disposed beneath said Fourdrinier wire in said portion of the travel thereof and opening toward the bottom of said Fourdrinier wire to draw off water from the latter, said suction box having discharge means for evacuating the water therefrom, said suction box having a bottom sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of said Wire, and

(d) a flow restricting device within said suction box comprising an elongated bafile member with its longitudinal axis transverse to the direction of travel of said wire, said elongated bafile member extending substantially completely across the width of said discharge opening of said head box, and said elongated bafi le member having a flat upper surface of a width substantially greater than the thickness of said bafile, said upper surface being disposed in spaced-apart relation and parallel to a plane defined by the upwardly inclined direction of travel of said wire.

2. A Fourdrinier-type machine for producing nonwoven fabrics and the like by depositing fibers from a water-fiber stock onto a Fourdrinier wire, said machine comprising (a) a head box with a discharge opening inclined upwardly in the direction of stock discharge,

(b) a Fourdrinier wire having a portion of its travel arranged in an upwardly inclined direction so as to pass adjacent and beneath said discharge opening whereby stock discharged from said opening is deposited on the top of said wire,

(c) a suction box disposed beneath said Fourdrinier wire in said portion of the travel thereof and opening toward the bottom of said Fourdrinier wire to draw oif water from the latter, said suction box being comprised of a plurality of compartments in side-by-side relation in the direction of travel of said Fourdrinier wire, each of said compartments having separate discharge means for evacuating water therefrom, and

(d) a flow restricting device within each of said compartments comprising an elongated bafile member with its longitudinal axis transverse to the direction of travel of said wire, said elongated baffle member extending substantially completely across the width of said discharge opening of said head box, and said elongated bafiie member having a flat upper surface of a width substantially greater than the thickness of said bafile, said upper surface being disposed in spaced-apart relation and parallel to a plane defined by the upwardly inclined direction of travel of said wire.

3. A Fourdrinier-type machine for producing nonwoven fabrics and the like by depositing fibers from a water-fiber stock onto a Fourdrinier wire, said machine comprising (a) a head box with a discharge opening inclined upwardly in the direction of stock discharge,

(b) a Fourdrinier wire having a portion of its travel arranged in an upwardly inclined direction so as to pass adjacent and beneath said discharge opening whereby stock discharged from said opening is deposited on the top of said wire,

(c) a suction box disposed beneath said Fourdrinier wire in said portion of the travel thereof and opening toward the bottom of said Fourdrinier wire to draw off water from the latter, said suction box having a bottom sloping in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of said wire, and said suction box being divided into a plurality of compartments in side-by-side relation in the direction of travel of said wire, each of said compartments having separate dischalrge means for evacuating the water therefrom, an

(d) a separate flow restricting device in the form of a baflle in each of said compartments of said suction box, said bafile extending substantially completely across the width of said discharge opening of said head box except for an opening at one side thereof, said bafile having an arcuately shaped tip located adjacent the said opening at one side of said head box opening and said balfie having a fiat top portion with parallel sides and a perpendicularly depending fiat sided web portion located intermediate the longitudinal edges of the top portion, said web portion being essentially triangular in shape and the bottom edge of which conforms generally to the sloping bottom of said suction box.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,190,790 '6/1965 Ploetz et al. 162-212 3,438,854 4/1969 Means 162303 2,877,693 3/1959 Poirier 162217 3,149,027 9/1964 Mih 162208 S. LEON BASHORE, Primary Examiner R. V. FISHER, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 

